E-Values and Sensitivity Analysis

The E-value is the minimum strength of association that an unmeasured confounder would need to have with BOTH exposure AND outcome to fully explain away the observed effect.

Key insight: It puts a lower bound on how strong confounding would need to be.

If the E-value is large, unmeasured confounding is unlikely to explain the result. If the E-value is small, even weak confounding could explain it.