Record-Level Bias Analysis

Summary-level analysis: Apply correction to aggregated data (2×2 tables)

Record-level analysis: Apply correction to individual observations

Approach	Data	Advantage
Summary	2×2 table	Simple, widely applicable
Record	Individual data	Uses covariates, handles heterogeneity

Record-level is powerful when:

• Misclassification depends on covariates
• Validation data available for subset
• Complex outcome models needed